Mental Health
Anxiety and stress exist on a continuum from adaptive, short-term arousal to persistent, impairing conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder. Western biomedicine defines specific syndromes using standardized criteria and emphasizes evidence-based psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Eastern and traditional systems view anxiety as dysregulated mind–body energy or imbalance across organ systems, prioritizing practices that train attention, calm the autonomic nervous system, and restore resilience—often through meditation, breath, movement, and botanicals. A growing integrative model blends these strengths: pairing the robust symptom relief of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)/serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with mindfulness, yoga, and targeted herbal supports for stress physiology and sleep.
In Western care, diagnosis relies on DSM-5-TR criteria. GAD features excessive, hard-to-control worry for at least six months with symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, irritability, poor concentration, and sleep disturbance. Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and persistent concern or behavioral change related to attacks. Clinicians exclude medical causes (e.g., hyperthyroidism, arrhythmias), substance effects, and assess functional impairment and comorbidity (depression, PTSD, substance use). First-line treatments with the strongest evidence are CBT (including exposure-based techniques) and SSRIs/SNRIs. CBT teaches skills to modify catastrophic thinking, increase tolerance of physical sensations, and reduce avoidance—producing large, durable effects across anxiety disorders. SSRIs/SNRIs reduce core symptoms but require weeks to full effect and can cause side effects (e.g., GI upset, sexual dysfunction). Benzodiazepines can relieve acute anxiety but carry dependence, cognitive, and accident risks, so guidelines reserve them for short-term
Well-Studied
Respiratory
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease marked by variable respiratory symptoms (wheeze, cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath) and expiratory airflow limitation that fluctuates over time. In western medicine, diagnosis is confirmed by characteristic symptoms plus objective evidence of variable airflow obstruction, most commonly on spirometry with bronchodilator reversibility. Management follows a stepwise approach tailored to symptom control and risk of exacerbations, with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as the cornerstone. Modern guidelines (e.g., GINA 2024) discourage short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)-only treatment and emphasize as-needed low-dose ICS–formoterol or ICS taken whenever SABA is used, alongside daily controller therapy as needed. Add-ons include long-acting beta-agonists (LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), and targeted biologics for severe Type 2 (T2) inflammation. Allergen immunotherapy can help in selected allergic phenotypes, and bronchial thermoplasty may be considered for highly selected refractory cases.
Eastern and traditional systems conceptualize asthma differently. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), patterns such as Lung Qi deficiency, Kidney not grasping Qi, and Phlegm-Damp obstruction guide individualized herbal formulas and acupuncture. Historically, the TCM herb Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica) was a source of ephedrine—an early bronchodilator that bridged traditional practice and modern pharmacology; however, ephedra-containing supplements are now restricted in many countries due to cardiovascular risks. Acupuncture has mixed evidence, with Cochrane reviews finding insufficient or low-certainty evidence for clinically important lung function improvements, though some patients report symptom relief. Chinese herbal formulas have been studied in small trials with heterogeneous quality.
Ayurveda frames asthma (Tamaka Shvasa) as an imbalance of doshas (often Vata-Kapha) and employs botanicals like Vasaka (Adhatoda/
Well-Studied
Chronic illness
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, also termed Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS), is a complex, multi-system illness characterized by profound fatigue, marked reduction in pre-illness activity, non-restorative sleep, cognitive difficulties, orthostatic intolerance, and especially post-exertional malaise (PEM)—a delayed exacerbation of symptoms after physical, cognitive, or emotional exertion. PEM is now widely recognized as the cardinal feature of ME/CFS and a key differentiator from primary depression or simple deconditioning. Onset can be sudden (often after an infection) or gradual, and severity ranges from mild functional limitation to complete home- or bed-bound states. The condition affects quality of life at levels comparable to other serious chronic diseases, yet no single biomarker or curative therapy has been validated to date.
Western medicine conceptualizes ME/CFS as a neuroimmune and metabolic disorder evaluated by clinical criteria and exclusion of alternative explanations. Multiple diagnostic frameworks exist, including the Fukuda (1994) criteria, the Canadian Consensus Criteria (2003), and the Institute of Medicine/National Academy of Medicine criteria (2015; Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease, SEID). All emphasize substantial impairment and persistent fatigue not alleviated by rest, with the IOM/SEID requiring PEM, unrefreshing sleep, and either cognitive impairment or orthostatic intolerance. Research has described autonomic dysregulation, immune activation and heterogeneously altered cytokines, small-fiber neuropathy in some patients, cerebral hypoperfusion, reduced aerobic capacity with abnormal repeat cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and gastrointestinal dysbiosis. Immune-modulating therapies such as rituximab that showed early promise have failed in larger, rigorous trials. Microbiome work reveals compositional and functional differences and links to symptom severity, but interventional evidence remains preliminary.
Management in contemporary, (e
Moderate Evidence
Neurology
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, also called Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME), is a complex, multi-system condition characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by rest and is worsened by exertion. A defining, cardinal feature is post-exertional malaise (PEM): a delayed worsening of symptoms—fatigue, cognitive dysfunction (“brain fog”), pain, sleep disturbance, autonomic and flu-like symptoms—after physical, cognitive, or emotional stress. Many patients experience orthostatic intolerance (e.g., POTS or neurally mediated hypotension), unrefreshing sleep, and cognitive impairment, among other symptoms. The illness exists on a spectrum of severity, from reduced activity to housebound or bedbound states. There is currently no single diagnostic test or disease-modifying cure; care focuses on accurate diagnosis, energy management (pacing), treating comorbidities, and mitigating symptom burden.
Western frameworks emphasize standardized diagnostic criteria and symptom-based management, with growing recognition of immune, autonomic, and metabolic abnormalities. The Fukuda criteria (1994) historically informed research but underweighted PEM. The Canadian Consensus Criteria (2003) and the U.S. Institute of Medicine/National Academy of Medicine report (2015) elevated PEM as essential and reframed the condition (SEID—systemic exertion intolerance disease). In 2021, the UK’s NICE guideline NG206 recognized PEM as central, reversed prior endorsements of graded exercise therapy (GET), and advised against any program that pushes patients to increase activity beyond their energy envelope. Evidence for GET was driven largely by the PACE trial (2011), which later drew substantial methodological criticism and reanalysis indicating far more limited benefits than originally claimed. Current best practice centers on pacing—patient-led activity regulation to prevent PEM.
Pharmacologic strategies are symptom-targeted. Sleep aids (e.g., low-dose tricyclics like amitriptyline or doxepin
Moderate Evidence
