Cardiovascular
Hypertension is a leading modifiable risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and premature mortality. Western guidelines (ACC/AHA 2017) lowered the diagnostic threshold to 130/80 mm Hg, reflecting data that cardiovascular risk rises continuously with higher pressures. Diagnosis relies on accurate measurement, confirmation with home or ambulatory monitoring when appropriate, and risk stratification. First-line therapy pairs lifestyle measures—particularly the DASH eating pattern with sodium restriction and regular physical activity—with medications when indicated. Large trials (ALLHAT, SPRINT) shape current practice: thiazide-type diuretics remain foundational and, in high-risk patients, targeting lower systolic pressures can further reduce events, albeit with more adverse effects, underscoring the need for individualized care and close follow-up. Resistant hypertension warrants a systematic approach to adherence, secondary causes, and addition of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
Eastern and traditional systems contribute complementary perspectives. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), hypertension is framed through pattern differentiation (e.g., liver yang rising, kidney yin deficiency), guiding use of formula-based herbal therapy (such as Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin, which contains Uncaria rhynchophylla/gou teng) alongside lifestyle, stress regulation, and practices like tai chi. Ayurvedic medicine emphasizes constitutional balance and employs botanicals such as Terminalia arjuna (arjuna) and historically Rauwolfia serpentina (source of reserpine, an early antihypertensive), together with diet, yoga, and meditation. Mind–body interventions (yoga, meditation, tai chi) have moderate evidence for small but meaningful blood pressure reductions and also improve adherence and stress resilience. Specific nutraceuticals—including garlic preparations and possibly coenzyme Q10—show small average reductions in systolic and di‑s
Well-Studied