Bone strength and peak bone mass are preliminary determined by genetic factors. Life style, especially exercise, is also considered to have an important effect on bone strength. Bone has the ability to strengthen itself according to Wolff''''s Law. When bone is subjected to strains and/or strain rates higher than the usual, it responds by remodeling, strengthening its architecture. The ability is greatest in young individuals and decreases with age. In the elderly this ability is largely non-existent and bone mass is lost. Whether this loss leads to osteoporosis is largely a function of the peak bone mass achieved before the decline. 11% of males and 44 % of females over 50 suffer from osteoporosis in later life. To what extent vigorous exercising beginning at a young age can increase bone strength is not known.

The purpose of the proposed research is to quantify the effect of life style on bone strength and general health parameters by comparing two male populations, one sedentary and the other that has done demanding physical training: (1) Elite infantry recruits who were inducted into the I.D.F. in Feb 1983, did their basic training at Sanur and were part of the 1983 stress fracture project who completed three years of elite infantry service and continued to serve as combat soldiers in the reserves; (2) Yeshiva students who had profiles of 82 or 97 and received deferment from their military service in 1983 and since then have continued their studies and never served in the army.

21 subjects will be reviewed in each group. Their weight, height, waist girth, resting pulse and blood pressure will be measured. A health questionnaire will be administered. Bone Mineral Density and Bone Mineral Content as well as total body percentage of fat will be calculated using whole body DEXA scanning.

Comparisons:

Group I: 21 males (age 41-44), former elite Israeli infantry soldiers, selected randomly from those recruits who did their infantry basic training at Sanur in Feb. 1983 (all profiled 82 or 97) and completed their military service as combat soldiers will be compared to:

Group II: 21 age-, profile- and ethnically-matched Israeli citizens whose military service was deferred in 1983 because of Torah studies and who did not do army service and were not involved in any kind of physical training.

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

• Israeli military profile 82 or 97 at age 17-22

Exclusion Criteria:

• Israeli military profile less than 82 at age 17-22