Polio Vaccine, Live

Pictures

Salk Wins the Polio Vaccine Race

Photo taken from Polio An American Story by David Oshinsky The race for a vaccine had three major contenders Albert Sabin an acclaimed polio researcher at the University of Cincinnati Jonas Salk an inexperienced scientist at the University of Pittsburgh and Hilary Koprowski an independent scientist at Lederle Laboratories All three men were determined and aggressively racing for the first successful cure They were handsomely financed and unstoppable Followers had deep concerns for safety and questioned the need for human testing Koprowski and Sabin supported their live virus vaccine that was designed to activate a natural infection powerful enough to create long lived antibodies against polio yet too weak to initiate a serious case of the disease Salk stood alone with his version that stimulated the immune system to generate needed antibodies without activating a natural infection Salk s version seemed to be easier to market and had fewer health risks for its participants The Salk Vaccine Field Trials of 1954 began testing nearly two million elementary school children throughout the country A public health experiment had never reached this enormous level and received tough media scrutiny Salk became an immediate hero when the trials showed successful results His trials continue to impact testing for future drugs and vaccines There is still a debate over which vaccine was truly better Sabin once remarked You could go into the kitchen and do what he did referring to Salk s vaccination The better vaccine is debatable however the triumph over polio is still a victory in medical science Oshinsky David Polio An American Story New York Oxford University Press Inc 2005 <a href= http en wikipedia org wiki Jonas Salk >en wikipedia org wiki Jonas Salk< a>

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use by public health programmes on National Immunisation Days NIDs OPVs have the additional benefit of passive immunisation of persons in close contact with immunised children Dr Albert Sabin b 1906 developer of the oral live polio vaccine NIDs conducted since 1995 led to the zero incidence of the wild virus in Turkey and the rest of Europe which

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used live but attenuated or weakened virus Jonas Salk was the leading proponent of the killed virus and Albert Sabin became the foremost proponent of the attenuated virus approach Oral polio vaccine used in the early 1960s and sugar cubes 2004 vintage on which the drops would be placed before feeding the vaccine to children

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century thanks to Dr Jonas Salk whose research led to the development of the inactivated polio virus IPV in 1952 and following tests the first immunisation campaigns of 1955 Dr Jonas Salk 1914 1995 developer of the polio vaccine Dr Albert Sabin developed a live oral polio vaccine OPV in 1961 which was even cheaper to produce than the relatively

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Several years later Albert Sabin developed an oral polio vaccine which was given in the form of drops that could be swallowed These drops contained a live but weakened virus Dr Jonas Salk started researching polio in 1949 In 1955 he announced the success of his polio vaccine and mass immunization began

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Current Case Definition for Surveillance

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in 1950 Paralysis is more likely when infection occurs in older individuals Thus the appearance of the graph of the five year mean rates may be associated with a decline in incidence through the 1920 s related to improvements in sanitation followed

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Figure 1 Reported Cases of Paralytic Polio in Maryland 1970 1999

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Try to Keep the live polio vaccine frozen until shortly before it is used For up to 3 months it can be thawed and refrozen But it must be kept cold or it will spoil

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A weakened poliovirus from a vaccine mutated into a harmful form in China CDC BEIJING China s first polio outbreak in more than a decade was caused by a virus derived from the live but

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Schoolmates on the first week of the new school year early Autumn 2002 Photograph by Rana Mullan © UNICEF Turkey 2002

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Two vaccines Albert Sabin 1906 1993 worked for many years to develop a live attenuated weakened polio vaccine In 1957 clinical trials began and the vaccine went into widespread use in

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contained low levels of live monkey viruses As is commonly known Americans were given inactivated polio vaccines that actually contained up to 26 contaminating monkey viruses The viruses were unknowingly introduced into the vaccine because the polio virus was grown in contaminated monkey kidney cells Many of the new syndromes have some association with

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a limb or total paralysis The people who became paralyzed were often forced to live inside of an iron lung that replicated the action of the abdominal muscle to allow respiration Figure 1 2 A Polio Victim in an Iron Lung In 1955 the first polio vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk using dead viruses In the 1960s an oral version was developed leading to

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NEW YORK Reuters Health In children with asthma and recurrent respiratory tract infections nasal spray flu vaccine sometimes called live attenuated influenza virus vaccine is well

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Dates places Time To be announced by the city around one month before the date Reservation Not required Infants children to be immunized After 3 months of age through 90 months of age

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In 1961 Albert Sabin 1906 1993 introduced a live virus polio vaccine

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